Yesterday Birss J made yet
another order pursuant to s97A of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA) [this is the provision by which the UK implemented Article 8(3) of the InfoSoc
Directive into its own national law; for earlier cases, see here] to block access to
websites hosting unauthorised content whose copyright is owned by members of
the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). The case was 20th Century Fox and Others v Sky UK and Others.
The application concerned 9 different
target websites and was initially made on paper. After recalling the
conditions under which an order may be granted on paper (which in any case is
something for the court to decide), Birss J refused to deal on paper with this
particular application. This was on consideration that, because of their
characteristics, five websites raised "new and different issues" [para 15] from those considered in earlier
applications.
All such websites employed
the same Popcorn Time system which - in Birss J's opinion - would not allow per se a finding of infringement -
whether primary or secondary - of the right of communication to the public
within s20(2)(b)
CDPA.
Popcorn Time
As explained by the judge,
Popcorn Time refers to an open source application which must be downloaded
by the user onto their computer from a Popcorn Time application source
website (PTAS website) to browse, search and locate film and TV content using
the BitTorrent protocol. The application, which is free to download and
does not require the user to return to the PTAS website at all afterwards -
operates as a Bit Torrent client but with the addition of media player software,
an index/catalogue of titles and images and descriptions of titles.
Once a work has been selected the application downloads the content using the
BitTorrent protocol, but the user may start watching it as soon as the process
starts, ie without waiting for the completion of
the download.
Popcorn Time applications
locate torrents by searching catalogues of existing websites which host those
torrents. At times they do so by circumventing existing blocks [so the (evergreen) question may become: are blocks effective?].
As stressed by Birss J,
"[n]o-one really uses Popcorn Time in order to watch lawfully available
content." [para
24]
|
Yet an explanation was provided for Popcorn Time |
Jurisdiction under s97A CDPA
In order for a court to be
able to issue an order pursuant to s97A CDPA, there are four matters that need
to be established:
(1) that the ISPs are service providers;
(2) that the users and/or operators of the target websites
infringe copyright;
(3) that users and/or the operators of the target websites
use the services of the ISPs to do that; and
(4) that the ISPs have actual
knowledge of this.
While (1) and (4) were not
really controversial in this case, Birss J focused his analysis on (2) and (3).
In relation to the latter the judge found that the Popcorn Time application was a means necessarily used for users to infringe the copyright of the
claimants in many senses. However whether (3) was also met in this case proved
more challenging to determine.
Did
the operators of the target websites infringe copyright? Yes, but not by
communicating works or authorising infringement
As
happened in previous applications for blocking orders, the applicants had put
their case in three ways: (1) communication to the public; (2) authorisation,
and (3) tortfeasance. While Birss J found infringement in respect of (3), he
held that the Popcorn Time system did not infringe copyright by means of (1) or
(2).
In this
Kat’s opinion, the part of the decision on (1) in particular is fairly
interesting.
Although
Birss J did not refer to recent decisions of the Court of Justice of the
European Union (CJEU) on the right of communication/making available to the
public, he appeared to dismiss implicitly the approach taken in Svensson [Katposts here] and its progeny, ie BestWater [here] and C More Entertainment [here and here].
While in
those cases the CJEU suggested that to have an act of communication/making
available to the public it is not necessary to transmit any work, at para 38 of
his decision, Birss J stated:
|
Only fully licensed popcorn for Benedict |
“I cannot see how the operator of the PTAS
website commits an act of communicating copyright works to the public. The PTAS
site simply does not communicate any copyright works to anybody. There is no
transmission (or retransmission) of the copyright work at all.”
This bit
of Birss J’s decision is in line with what the European Copyright Society
suggested in its Opinion on Svensson [cf the very different approach taken
instead by ALAI, on which see - amongst others - here],
ie that to have an act of
communication it is necessary to transmit a work.
In conclusion
Birss J
found that the court had jurisdiction under s97A. Nonetheless, “[t]his case was … much more complicated that
it appeared to those seeking the s97A order. The fact that wholesale
infringements of copyright [were] clearly taking place using Popcorn Time [was]
true enough However, it [was] nevertheless necessary to identify with precision
the correct legal basis of the application.”
In relation to the Popcorn Time system
this was tortfeasance in relation to (3), but not communication to the public
or authorisation, as had been instead the case in previous applications.
No, I don't think that Birss is saying that "to have an act of communication it is necessary to transmit a work".
ReplyDeleteAs he reviews at 35 and then himself summarises at 37, Bittorrent index sites such as The Pirate Bay "have been held to infringe copyright by communication to the public even though the infringing copy of the copyright work itself does not come directly from those websites", but instead because the websites had "intervened in a highly material way to make the copyright works available to a new audience" by containing "catalogued and indexed connections to the sources of those copies". (37).
However, since a PTAS site does not contain any information about any work, he doesn't see how in any sense it could be 'communicating a work'. (38).
As you say, he doesn't explicitly consider Svensson et al -- but those cases were about links, which did explicitly relate to individual works.
A site providing just the Popcorn software does not, and that is what places it in his judgment outwith what "the act of communication to the public" can "be stretched ... to cover" (38).
His logic with relation to SUI websites (which are closer to links websites) is different. In this case he holds against the SUI sites communicating the material to the public, because the public does not perceive itself to be obtaining the material from the SUI site, but from the application. (42)
This is why "in the end" he says "he was not convinced"; though did consider the claimants has "a stronger case".
But what he does find is that "the suppliers of Popcorn Time plainly know and intend" the application to be "the key means which procures and induces the user to access the host website and therefore causes the infringing communications to occur."
Finely-ground logic, but this does seem to get to the appropriate question: whether the key intention of providing the software is to facilitate privacy. -- JH.
Dear Eleonora
ReplyDeleteStaying on the same topic - In your article of 27 January 2015 you wrote about the possibility that the Dutch Supreme Court would refer a number of questions to the CJEU and you mentioned in that article that the decision was due on 3 April. Forgive me, if you already covered this, but it now seems that the Dutch Supreme Court has decided to make such a reference to the CJEU: http://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2015:841. My knowledge of Dutch is not great, but I'm pretty sure that this is a decision about a reference to the CJEU and it appears that the Supreme Court decided not to refer all of the questions as suggested by the AG, but instead focusing on the question whether the work was uploaded with the consent of the copyright holder and whether the knowledge of the linker as to the lawfulness of the work makes a difference.
@Anonymous: Thanks for your comment.
ReplyDelete@Christian: have you seen this? http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2015/04/breaking-copyright-links-to-leaks.html
@Eleonora: Thanks. I missed that.
ReplyDeleteHey Kats,
ReplyDeleteI'm quite curious why instead of or along with trying to get a website blocking order the claimants did not directly attacked the developers of the software for copyright infringement.
Do you think that Pop Corn Time actually communicates or makes works available to the public?
Thank you!