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Two decades ago, the world of
academic publishing was taken by a storm called ‘open access’. The movement of ‘open
access’ advocates for making published content available to the public for
free. No fees and no (or little) right-based restrictions to limit access
(apparently, the wisdom that authors need financial incentives to create does
not apply to scholars who write for pleasure or reputation alone). The aim of
open access is [was] to democratize access to
knowledge. In ‘The Economics Open Access’, Thomas Eger and Marc Scheufen
investigate whether ‘open access’ strategies have delivered on their promises.
Combined with the rise of the
Internet and digital technologies, open access strategies should have made the
dissemination of knowledge (via academic publications) cheaper than ever.
Instead, we find libraries facing higher subscription fees which forces them to
cut back on their catalogue listing and monograph in-take…so what went wrong?
The book offers an economic
empirical analysis the impact of ‘open access’ has had on the academic publishing
market world-wide. The analysis is based on two different sets of data: an
‘objective’ data set capturing the state of the academic publishing markets
(i.e. growth in publication numbers, publishers, levels of open-access
practices etc.), and a ‘subjective’ data set which documents scholars’ views on
open access policies and how they engage with them in practice. This second set
of data, based on over 10,000 responses from 25 different countries, is
undoubtedly the most novel and original contribution of the book to the debate.
Go ‘Green’ or go
‘Gold’
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| Go gold or go green? |
In reality, publishing open
access is not entirely ‘free’ of charge or free of intellectual property
rights. The position currently adopted by publishers, researchers, governments
and funders is more nuanced (and restricted) than this. They are two main
‘routes’ to open access which are defined and studied in detail in the book:
the ‘gold open access’ and the ‘green open access’. ‘Gold open access’ is
practiced and offered directly by the
publisher. For example, a journal commits to publishing all of this material in
open access. The costs of publishing are not offset against subscription fees
but against the sponsors or subsidies of societies, governments or research grants
(p. 6, pp. 29-39). ‘Green open access’ operates differently. The authors publish
with journals who charge subscriptions to their users, but also publish copy of
their work on a second, open, repository (e.g. SSNR) or on their personal
website (pp. 6-7, pp. 39-44). The book reveals that both types of open access
strategy are practised in almost equal measures overall, but that preferences
for one or the other are noticeable depending on the academic discipline.
Bottom Line: is open
access …good or bad?
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The book concludes that, on the
whole, open access policies are supported by the vast majority of academics.
With universities, funders and governments on board, open access publication
strategies should be a smooth sail for academics and libraries. Except, that it
is not. Open access strategies appear to have triggered complicated levels of
access, with varieties of copyright claims, licences or fees. Much of this failure
does not find its roots in the dream of ‘open access’ itself but is to be found
elsewhere. In their introduction, Eger and Scheufen point out two key factors
(1) the ‘mini-monopolies’ which structures the academic publishing market (p.
2); and (2) the ability for publishers to use digital technologies to enforce
overly restrictive copyright claims over their material. As a result, users are
left with “fewer rights than they had
with print journals” (p. 5, citing Suber).
The book is an excellent study,
starting much needed research into the future of open access publications in
academia based on robust empirical data. This Kat looks forward to follow-on
work, notably policy-focused propositions, on the basis of Eger and Scheufen’s
contribution. The book will be useful to any practitioner, academic or
policy-maker interested in the issue of open access publications, or on the
state of the public domain more generally.
Book reviewed: The Economics
of Open Access: On the Future of Academic Publishing. By Thomas Eger
and March Scheufen. Edward Elgar. 2018. Extent: 168 pp. Hardback Price: £65.00
Web: £58.50. Ebook from £21.40 (here
or here).
Publication Date: 2018. ISBN: 978 1 78536 575 1.
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