Traditional Knowledge: beware of patent protection


Few intellectual assets give rise to as much passion as Traditional Knowledge. India has become a center for this conversation. Kat friend R.S Praveen Raj, a scientist and a former patent examiner in India, shares his views on the protection of Traditional Knowledge and against what he sees as misuse of IPR legislation.

Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) is a complex legal issue, owing to its dynamic nature, lack of definition and the difficulty in establishing ownership and the geographical origin of TK, as well as the absence of an appropriate scheme for its protection. Indigenous communities and traditional knowledge practitioners all over the world are greatly concerned about the increased biopiracy and usurpation by commercial entities. It is in this context that the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in India formulated the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), which is an endeavor to preempt the grant of patents on India’s TK. TKDL contains approximately 2,08,000 formulations based on the traditional healing systems, such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga.

TK Digital Libraries are the best defensive mechanism to prevent the patenting of TK already written down in ancient texts and manuscripts, although it still leaves scope for private appropriation of TK by making cosmetic improvements on it. India has signed access agreements with the European Patent Office and US Patents and Trademark Office, on the condition that secrecy be maintained and the database may be used as prior art for search and examination only. 'Prior art' is meant to encompass everything that has been published, presented or otherwise disclosed to the public as of the date of the patent and it includes documents in foreign languages disclosed in any format in any country. However, it is common sense that secrecy cannot be maintained on something that is classified as ‘prior art’.

When a patent office denies a patent to someone citing that the claimed invention is TK, it is obliged to disclose the entire gamut of TK associated with the invention as a prior art citation to the applicant, since the burden lies on the patent examiner to prove that the claimed invention is already in the prior art. This leaves open a channel for a fishing expedition by commercial outfits seeking to obtain complete details of a TK practice or product available in TKDL, by filing patent applications in the guise of inventing same and craftily drafting claims using the information available to them. Therefore, the closed access policy of TKDL actually enhances bio-piracy, as it is impossible for patent offices to maintain the secrecy of TK.

Of late, there are also attempts to create digital libraries of community-held TK that are not yet written down anywhere. Any attempt to codify community-held TK in the form of Traditional Knowledge Digital Libraries, using “Prior Informed Consent” and “Access and Benefit Sharing” concepts, would be a gross injustice for those communities, if the knowledge was shared with patent offices, as it would affect the livelihoods of Traditional Knowledge practitioners. This blogger reckons that TK Digital Libraries are to be created only on TK already known to a larger cross-section of people and the same should be made accessible to researchers. For example, Curcumin Resource Database (CRDB), an open source TK database from India, is a good example of a strategy to prevent patenting of TK. CRDB has documented all the traditional knowledge about curcumin already in public domain and the database is made accessible to researchers.

In the case of community-held TK, a Traditional Knowledge Docketing System (TKDS) should be made instead of TKDL. TKDS should indicate the location in which the knowledge is available, the community that possesses the traditional knowledge, a short description of the nature of TK and the community protocol, if any. Indigenous communities should be educated and empowered to protect their TK through existing legal mechanisms or to take patents on the innovations made by them on the TK (if they so choose), as well as to negotiate with potential customers by forming societies or trusts of their own. There is no bar for patenting inventions, though it may be based on TK. The Patent Acts only prevent patenting of traditional knowledge or which is an aggregation or duplication of known properties of traditionally known component or components. But there is no bar on patenting inventions based on Traditional Knowledge

Suggested legislation for 'In Situ’ perpetual protection of TK through a non-IPR mechanism

TK should not be allowed to be patented, since it is existing knowledge and not inventions. We should also be careful in creating registrable rights on the Traditional Knowledge (TK), including Traditional Medicine Practices, and classifying TK under Intellectual Property Rights, which are private exclusive rights operating like a monopoly in practice. Patents create private spaces in the knowledge arena (though for a limited, fixed duration), and therefore no private appropriation should be allowed in the realm of TK.

Protection for community-held TK is called for. But trade secret protection for TK is not appropriate, since knowledge/practices would remain in the custody of a selected few. It is like allowing monopoly over knowledge and a democratic nation shall not allow it. At the same time, Traditional Knowledge protection shall be holistic and ‘in situ’, hence allowing its sustainable development. Therefore, we may commit all traditional knowledge, including traditional medicines, to the realm of a “knowledge commons” and not to the public domain. Knowledge commons refers to the knowledge that is the collectively produced sphere of ideas, left unencumbered for the greater benefit of all. Since TK is not definitive in terms of its geographical origin and custodians, ownership should be held by the State only, given the fact that TK is accumulated traditional wealth and the long-kept preserve of its practitioners, tribal communities and families, wherein all of them have acted as deemed “trustees” of the State.

There shall be ‘deemed rights’ for the Traditional Knowledge holders and they should be made aware of their rights. It shall be a kind of “deemed license”, which immediately applies to the user of TK, the moment that the user decides to employ it for any purpose. The provisions for governing the deemed license/community protocols will need to be laid down in the legislation. But these licensees are not empowered to sub-license this right for commercial use to any third party, and the right for transferring licenses will be enjoyed solely by the State. In principle, the purpose of the proposed legislation is to assign some (not all) of the rights owned by the State to those deemed trustees, in lieu of their willingness to put the TK into the realm of a “knowledge commons”. The ultimate aim of the legislation is not to protect the financial interests of the TK holders, but to benefit society at large, just as with patents.

While envisaging ‘deemed rights’ in traditional knowledge, all the rights holders shall be deemed to be holding their rights under a Commons License, wherein the rights holders shall permit others the use of the knowledge in their possession for non-commercial purposes. Specific provisions for such Traditional Knowledge Commons License will need to be worked out to ensure free, non-commercial reproduction and codification of the Traditional Knowledge.

It shall be further provided that any development made using this knowledge and licensed under the above obligation, should be put back to the realm of a Traditional Knowledge Commons, thereby denying any scope for patenting thereof. Although license holders are obliged to contribute their developments made in TK back to the realm of the Traditional Knowledge Commons, path-breaking inventions, such as the development of a new drug molecule or process thereof, which involves substantial developmental costs, need not form a part, even if TK may constitute the basis of its origin.
Traditional Knowledge: beware of patent protection Traditional Knowledge: beware of patent protection Reviewed by Neil Wilkof on Tuesday, March 21, 2017 Rating: 5

9 comments:

  1. All supposed solutions for protection of TK are utterly unworkable and nonsense. The solutions presented here are no different. TK is prior art, and is not owned by anyone. Establish any kind of ownership over it, in whatever form, will only have the effect of hindering any innovation relating to TK since anyone with any sense and money will steer well clear.

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  2. "This leaves open a channel for a fishing expedition by commercial outfits seeking to obtain complete details of a TK practice or product available in TKDL, by filing patent applications in the guise of inventing same and craftily drafting claims using the information available to them. Therefore, the closed access policy of TKDL actually enhances bio-piracy, as it is impossible for patent offices to maintain the secrecy of TK."

    To point out the bleeding obvious here, if "bio-pirates" file a patent application attempting to claim something that TK is prior art to, then that TK is either already known (since the patent application discloses it) or would be obvious based on the disclosure of the patent application. What then are you trying to keep secret?

    The problem here is in trying to protect something the value of which is almost entirely sentimental, not economical.


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  3. @Tufty and Gilman Pleas see below the link of a video, which explains the need for non-IPR protection for Traditional Knowledge

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWt9qPnq110

    The vide may address your doubts also

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  4. Agree with Tufty and Gilman - traditional knowledge is a solution in search of a problem, and doesn't need a separate regime.

    I was particularly baffled by the suggestion that the knowledge should be turned over to the state, with the practitioners in the position of trustee-licensee. And yet the author is worried about appropriation!

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  5. @Tufty the cat and @Gilman Grundy

    How can you say that the TK secretly practiced by communities or individuals are 'prior art', as long as it is not available in 'public domain' ?

    If the protection of 'Traditional Knowledge' is purely sentimental and not economical, why WIPO is wasting time and money on this issue ?

    While Traditional Knowledge cannot be classified under Intellectual Property by any definition, why WIPO is showing special interest in creating an IPR law for protecting traditional knowledge ?

    I have made it very clear in my article that all the traditional knowledge, which is already in public domain shall be codified into TKDL, so that it would become a knowledge repository. It shall be made accessible to everyone and not just the patent office. Then only you can call it 'PRIOR ART'. However in the case of Traditional Knowledge in the custody of communities/practitioners, some kind of statute is essential for recognizing the custodians. Further a sovereign country should have deemed ownership on this valuable knowledge/information. I was suggesting the practical ways to encourage the custodians to part with their TK kept secret. I did not support creating any rights for custodians, but deemed license to ensure benefits.

    Fishing expedition by commercial outfits are possible, since the TK is partially known to many other than TK Practitioners. While TK Practitioners' knowledge is comprehensive, the information available to others are very minimal. It is possible to cook up a patent application and craftily draft the draft the claims with the partial information available. But the partial information is of no use unless they get the full text of TK practice.

    Any counter points ?

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  6. The term "traditional knowledge" is ridiculously vague, misleading and susceptible to conceptual expansionism to an absurd extent. Without (a) a shared understanding of what is and is not traditional (if we want to still use that word), and (b) an appreciation of the difficulties in identifying origin, which can be insurmountable, it is virtually impossible to have a sensible debate.

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  7. I do agree with Prof. Dutfield. As I memtioned in my article Traditional Knowledge protection becomes a complex issue in law because of lack of proper definition for it, difficulties in identifying its geographical origin and original custodians.

    But why WIPO is showing special interest on TK protection ? Why should we disturb the TK custodians with the lure of future benefits. TK custodians are the victims of bioprospecting.

    Somehow WIPO and developed nations feel that there is huge treasure in the form of TK. The sentimental issues of TK custodians and their respective countries were the results of mad explorations in this field by business outfits

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  8. "How can you say that the TK secretly practiced by communities or individuals are 'prior art', as long as it is not available in 'public domain' ?"

    Why then are you trying to prevent it from being recorded so that it can be used as such?

    Something may be secret and not prior art, or published and prior art. It cannot be both secret and prior art. If people attempt to patent TK you cannot complain that it is TK if the TK was never shared with the rest of us.

    "If the protection of 'Traditional Knowledge' is purely sentimental and not economical, why WIPO is wasting time and money on this issue ?

    While Traditional Knowledge cannot be classified under Intellectual Property by any definition, why WIPO is showing special interest in creating an IPR law for protecting traditional knowledge ?"


    WIPO is home to more than a few ludicrous boondoggles, I would not hold it up as a standard of what is and is not worth spending our time on.

    However in the case of Traditional Knowledge in the custody of communities/practitioners, some kind of statute is essential for recognizing the custodians.

    Why should anyone be recognised as anything on the basis of something they are keeping secret? How does society benefit? The main purpose of the patent system is to encourage disclosure so that knowledge can spread - but here you are proposing the opposite.

    How, indeed, is anyone supposed to assess whether this knowledge is genuine or of any use if it is secret?

    "Fishing expedition by commercial outfits are possible, since the TK is partially known to many other than TK Practitioners. While TK Practitioners' knowledge is comprehensive, the information available to others are very minimal. It is possible to cook up a patent application and craftily draft the draft the claims with the partial information available. But the partial information is of no use unless they get the full text of TK practice."

    If someone can file a patent application to which TK is prior art, then that TK is already known from the patent application itself whether it is based on partial knowledge or not. If it is based on partial knowledge then they will have guessed correctly - so what's the problem?

    The situation is no different from one company cleverly guessing at another's trade secret and then patenting it - something our present system correctly allows.

    Ultimately it comes back to the same basic logic: you cannot, and should not, be able to both prevent the patenting of something and keep it secret, absent other factors of a serious nature (e.g., national security).

    "TK custodians are the victims of bioprospecting."

    I honestly doubt any "TK custodian" has ever suffered any real inconvenience as a result of TK being the subject of a patent application. "Bioprospecting", in as much as it has resulted in any useful discoveries, has been a net good.

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  9. I see a new treaty has now been agreed. Woohoo! What does it mean and what is its benefit? I have no idea. Actually, I do - none, other than to waste funds and energy of nations and a planet with better things to do.

    TK, if secret, should be patentable like any ther secret, because it is not in the public domain. If it is not secret, it is prior art.

    Why should the "secrets" of an indiginous community be treated differently from those of anyone else? Racism, xenophobia, special-treatment, guilt? Why should the secrets of India be treated differently? India is one of those countries that is against all forms of IP protection and believes in the freedom to copy and distribute anything and everything. Except, it seems, if it is something felt to belong to India!

    I am daily seeing posts on LinkedIN sharing pdf copies of academic textbooks written and produced in the US and Europe. Shared freely and always from India. Engineering and science textbooks, which are produced by dedicated individuals employed in US and European universities. It's all a little hyopcritical to me.

    Creating such white elephants, such treaty follies, gives the non-productive academic departments something to occupy their hours, however, while their engineering and science colleagues are promoting the useful arts.

    ReplyDelete

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